Note: In order to find a course in the new 4 digit numbering system using an old 3 digit number, please refer to the conversion list below. Before registering for courses with the new 4 digit numbering system, please ensure that you have not previously taken the course in its 3 digit form.
Click here for conversion list of former 3-digit course numbers.
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The Department of Geography cannot offer each year every course described in this Calendar. Please consult the Department for a list of current course offerings.
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Geography
1100 -
Fundamentals of Geography
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A systematic descriptive introduction to the diverse elements of landscape including geomorphic, climatic, and biotic elements, human settlement and land-use patterns; cartographic approaches to the analysis of selected processes of landscape change; an introduction to the synthesis of elements and processes in spatial systems models.
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Geography
1300A/B -
Physical Geography
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Physical Geography examines the phenomena and processes of the Earth-atmosphere system that underlie human environment interactions and environmental change. Topics include: the atmosphere and fundamentals of weather and climate, water in the environment, Earth surface processes and biogeography.
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Geography
1400F/G -
People, Places and Landscapes
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A systematic study of the patterns and places produced by human activity. Examines the spatial dynamics of social, cultural, economic and political processes and describes the resulting modification of the natural and built environments which create diverse human landscapes.
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Geography
1500F/G -
Society and Nature
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An introduction to the dynamics of environmental change and human-environment relations through time. Using integrative case studies in different biomes (e.g. Amazonia, the Sahel, the Arctic), this course will explore physical processes and change and the role of human economies, and situate these in their broader spatial and temporal contexts.
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Geography
2010A/B -
Geography of Canada
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An overview of the regional geography of Canada. Topics considered may include demographics, culture, the economy, resources and environmental issues.
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Geography
2011A/B -
Ontario and the Great Lakes
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A detailed examination of the province as part of the Great Lakes region, with special reference to its historical development, natural resources and patterns of human and economic activity.
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Geography
2012A/B -
Geography of Arctic Canada
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An introduction to the landscapes of the Canadian Arctic: interrelationships amongst climate, vegetation, landforms, soils and resources; human responses over time.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 352a/b.
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Geography
2020A/B -
Latin America and the Caribbean: Landscapes of Inequality
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This course provides an introduction to the geography of Latin America and the Caribbean by examining how struggles for land, resources and labour have driven political, economic, social and environmental change in the region, from the European Conquest to the present.
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Geography
2030A/B -
Africa South of the Sahara
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This course provides an introduction to the geography of Africa south of the Sahara. The course will take a systematic approach. Economic, political, social and environmental issues will be examined with a focus on contemporary patterns of change within the context of the global economy.
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Geography
2040A/B -
Geography of East and Southeast Asia
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An introduction to the region. Issues examined include ethnic relationships, social structure, population distribution, environmental awareness and resource utilization.
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Geography
2045A/B -
Russia and the Former Soviet Union: The Legacy
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An introduction to the geography of Russia and its neighbours with an emphasis on the Soviet legacy. Topics covered will include resource and environmental issues, culture and nationalism, the economy and demographics.
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Geography
2050A/B -
Western Europe
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Investigation of geographical factors in the political, economic and social patterns of Western Europe; selected themes and case studies.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 366a/b.
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Geography
2060A/B -
World Cities
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A global perspective on urbanism. In each session a selected city is used to emphasize a particular urban problem, urban spatial structure or world region.
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Geography
2070E -
World Regional Geography
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A systematic analysis of the major environments with emphasis on problems of resource use. Regional samples are analyzed in detail emphasizing culture and cultural progression. Practical work includes map analysis and seminars on selected problems.
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Geography
2071A/B -
World Rivers
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This course introduces students to the interactions between rivers, their physiographic environments, and human activities.
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Geography
2090A/B -
Space Exploration
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Survey of human activity in outer space, including history of spaceflight, scientific exploration, economic and military uses of space, natural resources and hazards, legal and ethical implications, and plausible future developments.
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Geography
2121A/B -
Geographic Visualization
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The organization and visualization of geographic data. Principles of graphic design and data organization.
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Geography
2122A/B -
Spatial Techniques
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An introduction to geographic information science including maps and cartography. Principles of navigation, map reading, image interpretation and route planning. Aspects of information representation, organization and visualization, remote sensing imagery, and field instrumentation and techniques. Practical work on the above topics.
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Geography
2131A/B -
The Natural Environment
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An examination of the characteristics, origins and history of selected natural environments with particular reference to North America.
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Geography
2142A/B -
Geopolitics
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An exploration of the geographical setting in which political decisions are taken. The history of the rise and fall of centres of power, the rise of supranational entities, ethnic wars, and the impermanence of international boundaries will be discussed.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 341a/b.
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Geography
2143A/B -
Foundations of the Geography of World Business
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Geographical theories of local and international trade; relationships between the location of production and flows of goods, services and factors of production among countries and regions; the geographical patterns of world commerce.
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Geography
2144F/G -
Geography of Tourism
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Examination of tourism as a global, national and local phenomenon, with economic, social, and environmental impacts; emphasis on tourism in developing countries; hosts, guests, and tourism operators; tourism trends; mass versus alternative tourism; relationship between ‘ecotourism’ and nature protection.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 358F/G.
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Geography
2151A/B -
Global Change: Issues and Impacts
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Overview and implications of aspects of global change such as the global economy, the environment and demographics.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 399E.
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Geography
2152A/B -
Geography of Hazards
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A survey of the methods and models used to understand human responses to hazards. The course reviews the rich tradition of hazards research in geography, particularly through the lens of social science. The course will include discussions of both so-called "natural hazards" (e.g., floods, fires, earthquakes) and "technological hazards" (e.g., nuclear technology, genetically modified organisms, terrorism, war) as examples.
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Geography
2153A/B -
Environment, Economy, and Society
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The human uses of and impacts on environment and resources; the concept of sustainability; current resource issues.
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Geography
2154F/G -
Resource Planning and Management
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Methods of resource analysis, planning, and management, including landscape evaluation, cost-benefit analysis, and impact assessment.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 154a/b.
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Geography
2155F/G -
Development and Change in Human Landscapes
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An examination of the way present human landscapes have developed over time. An exploration of agents of landscape change; the relationship between societies, technology and landscape; and attitudes toward landscape. Methods of identifying, monitoring and controlling landscape change.
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Geography
2161A/B -
Introduction to Urban Spatial Organization
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Selected aspects of structure and growth in urban systems; basic theories and empirical research respecting the organization of systems of cities and their internal arrangement of land uses.
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Geography
2162A/B -
Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
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Principles and processes of land use planning for urban and regional development; current issues and case studies.
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Geography
2191A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Geography
2192A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Geography
2210A/B -
Introduction to Spatial Analysis
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An introduction to the nature of geographical data and the application of quantitative and statistical techniques and computing systems to spatial analysis; models of spatial data, probability, distributions, hypothesis testing and correlations.
Antirequisite(s):
All other senior level statistics courses numbered 2000 or above.
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Geography
2220A/B -
Geographic Information Science I
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Fundamental concepts, geographic information representation and spatial data entry. Basic spatial analysis and remote sensing. Practical skills developed through use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
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1.0 course from Geography 1100, 1300A/B, 1400F/G, 1500F/G or the former Geography 020E, or completion of the second year of the Civil and Environmental Engineering, International Development Option
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Geography
2230A/B -
Remote Sensing
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Introduction to the principles, techniques, and geographic applications of remote sensing systems. Computer processing of remote sensing digital data. Interface of remote sensing data with geographic information systems.
Antirequisite(s):
The former 307a/b.
Prerequisite(s):
1.0 course from Geography 1100, 1300A/B, 1400F/G, 1500F/G or the former Geography 020E, or completion of the second year of the Civil and Environmental Engineering, International Development Option.
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Geography
2240A/B -
Introductory Cartography
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Introduction to cartographic theory, map design and drafting, including practical experience with many methods of graphic representation of spatial data.
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Geography
2250A/B -
Geographic Research: Methods and Issues
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A survey of a range of geographic research methods, both the models and the techniques employed, and issues arising from their use. Topics covered include research questions and design, sources of error, ethics and values in research, methods of data collection, data analysis and presentation of findings.
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Geography
2310A/B -
Weather and Climate
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Fundamentals of the physical processes underlying weather and climate; radiant energy, energy balances, clouds, atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics; principles of the Greenhouse Effect", mid-latitude cyclones and aspects of weather forecasting, severe weather phenomenon and atmospheric optics.
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Prerequisite(s):
1.0 course from Geography 1100, 1300A/B, 1400F/G, 1500F/G or the former Geography 020E or 0.5 course from Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Calculus, Environmental Science or Physics at 1000-1999 level.
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Geography
2320A/B -
Introductory Biogeography
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Spatial distributions of plants and animals; evolutionary and environmental controls on distributions; impacts of human settlement.
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Geography
2330A/B -
Geomorphology and Hydrology
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Water and sediment cycles at the earth's surface and explanation of the resultant landforms; examples of response to environmental change; selected applications to environmental management.
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Geography
2340A/B -
Pedology
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Soils as environmental systems; major factors and processes affecting soil development; responses of soil systems to environmental change; selected applications of pedological techniques.
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Geography
2410A/B -
Social Geography
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A geographical investigation of the links between spatial change and social processes. Selected topics will focus on the ways social relations, identities and inequalities are created and practiced over space, with examples from Canadian and international contexts.
Antirequisite(s):
The former 329a/b.
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Geography
2411F/G -
Indigenous Environments
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The consequences of physical environmental change for Indigenous communities around the globe will be examined in relation to the processes of colonialism and environmental dispossession. Topics include: identity, culture, local economies, social functioning, food security and health.
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Geography
2420A/B -
Economic Geography
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The forces reshaping global economic geography; fundamentals of spatial economics; principles of locational decisions; spatial interaction; growth of spatial economic systems; examples are taken from a variety of countries.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 170a/b.
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Geography
2430A/B -
Health Geography
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This course introduces students to current issues in health geography. Through case studies, students will learn the important role of geography in explaining patterns of diseases, health transitions and health inequalities around the world.
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Geography
2450F/G -
Introduction to Resource and Environmental Management
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A geographical introduction to natural resources and their management; juxtaposition of global and Canadian resources and environmental conditions and the human management response.
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Geography
2460F/G -
Urban Development
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Growth, structure and morphology in industrial and post-industrial cities; theories of, and empirical research on, urban form and structure; land development decision making; development feasibility modelling; urban land-use policy.
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Geography
2901A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Geography
2902A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Geography
3000Y -
Field Methods and Practices
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Departmental field camps and field trips as arranged. Students should be prepared to meet the necessary travel and living expenses. Mandatory for students in third year Honors Specialization modules in Geography; open to students registered in the 3rd or 4th year of the Major in Geography.
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Geography
3210A/B -
Quantitative Analysis in Geography
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Simple parametric and nonparametric statistical methods through multiple regression are introduced. Exploratory data analysis techniques are examined as a supplement to more traditional statistical methods. Geography specific techniques are also presented.
Antirequisite(s):
All other senior level statistics courses numbered 2000 or above.
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Geography
3211A/B -
Spatial Statistics
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Topics include exploratory spatial data analysis, global and local spatial statistics, spatial autocorrelation and interpolation, spatial regression models, and geographically weighted regression. The emphasis will be on developing analytical skills with practical applications using statistical software and Geographic Information Systems.
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Geography
3221A/B -
Advanced Seminar in Geographic Information Science
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The application of general principles of scientific modelling and visualization to geographic problems using a GIS and other relevant spatial information processing systems. Seminar/studio format with individual or team student projects.
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Geography
3222A/B -
Geographic Information Science II
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Methods and techniques in Geographic Information Science. Spatial data encoding from maps and geographic database implementation. Spatial interpolation and other modeling techniques. Integration of remote sensing, GIS and Visualization. Hands-on experience using ESRI, ArcGIS software.
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Geography
3223A/B -
Decision-Making with GIS
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Principles of integrating GIS and Decision Analysis. Selected GIS-based decision-making techniques are applied in practical sessions. A range of applications from both public and private sector organizations are covered.
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Geography
3231A/B -
Advanced Topics in Remote Sensing
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Themes to be considered may include: advanced computer analysis of digital satellite and airborne data (optical, infrared and radar), advanced image classification methods, texture analysis, change detection, automatic linear feature extraction, structural pattern recognition and remote sensing applications. Remote sensing software will be used in lab.
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Geography
3241A/B -
Advanced Cartography
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Advanced cartographic project design and implementation. Image processing, geographic information systems, remote sensing, computer graphics programming, 2- and 3- dimensional representations; interface design; data manipulation.
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Geography
3260A/B -
Environmental Modelling with Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing
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Examination of spatially and temporally distributed environmental models that use Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing techniques. Modelling of watershed systems, focusing on the energy, water, and biogeochemical cycles. Prediction of environmental and/or ecological change on watershed systems.
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Geography
3311A/B -
Micrometeorology
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Principles of weather and climate at micro-, local, and meso-scales; processes associated with transfer of heat, mass, and momentum and resulting climates near the surface; local winds, fog, urban climates and air pollution.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s):
Geography 2310A/B or the former Geography 238b. (A 1000-1099 level course in Applied Mathematics, Mathematics, or Physics is also recommended).
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Geography
3312A/B -
Human Impacts on Weather and Climate
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An examination of modified weather and climates due to human activities on scales ranging from local modification of microclimates in urban areas to global climate change due to changes in atmospheric composition. The processes underlying the changes are examined as well as the methods of detecting the changes.
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Geography
3321A/B -
Advanced Biogeography
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Distributions of plants and animals over space and time; plant and animal population dynamics; form and function of plant communities; theory of island biogeography; research techniques; aspects of vegetation and wildlife management; some implications of environmental change.
Antirequisite(s):
Prerequisite(s):
Third or fourth year status at the University including Geography 2220A/B and 2320A/B or enrollment in the Honors Specialization in Conservation Biology.
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Geography
3331A/B -
Glacial Geomorphology
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Glaciers, glacial landforms, and geomorphic processes with special reference to contemporary glacierized environments.
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Third or fourth year status at the University including Geography 2330A/B.
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Geography
3332A/B -
Periglacial Environments
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Geomorphic processes, landforms, and landscape history of contemporary periglacial areas, with particular reference to Canadian alpine environments and permafrost.
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Third or fourth year status at the University including Geography 2330A/B.
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Geography
3333A/B -
Drainage Basin Geomorphology
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Analysis of drainage basin form and process, including fluvial processes on hillslopes, channel networks, the drainage basin sediment cascade, response of drainage basins to environmental change and selected applications to drainage basin management.
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Geography
3334A/B -
Geomorphology of River Channels
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The geomorphology of rivers, including fluvial hydraulics, fluvial erosion and sediment transport, river channel morphology and dynamics, channel and floodplain sedimentation, the response of rivers to human activities and environmental change, and applications to river channel management.
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Geography
3341A/B -
Hydrology
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The relationship between rainfall and runoff, including the influence of vegetation and soil-water systems; runoff from snow and ice; the hydrological role of lakes and rivers.
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Geography
3342A/B -
Groundwater Hydrology
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The distribution and movement of groundwater; evaluation and monitoring of groundwater resources with respect to their extraction, pollution and remediation.
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Geography
3350A/B -
Environmental Change
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The evidence, causes, and chronology of environmental change, with emphasis on the Holocene in North America.
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Geography
3351A/B -
Dendrochronology
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Introduction to techniques of tree-ring dating and applications to research in geomorphology, archaeology, palaeoecology, and palaeoclimatology.
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Geography
3352A/B -
Paleolimnology and Global Environmental Change
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This course provides students with an introduction to paleolimnology, which uses the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of lake sediments to determine past environments.
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Geography
3411A/B -
Cultural Geography
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An examination of contemporary theories in cultural geography - ideology, identity, power, and space - and their application to contemporary issues such as class, consumption, gender, media, and racism. Emphasis is placed upon understanding and critiquing the social and political processes giving rise to cultural practices in their spatial contexts.
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Geography
3412F/G -
Geography of Gender
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An examination of the spaces of masculinity and femininity; theories, concepts and selected topics. Issues addressed include spatial divisions of gender and social constructions of male and female roles and places.
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Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3415A/B -
Geographic Perspectives on Law and Society
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Law influences and sometimes determines spatial and environmental relations and, dialectically, these transform law. This course introduces geographic approaches, such as impact analysis, class and gender studies and discourse analysis, to law. It surveys topics such as the spacing of urbanism and social, cultural and environmental regulation.
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Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3416F/G -
Urban Culture
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Geographic investigation of urban culture focusing on the human behavior/built environment relationship. The effects of urban lifestyles on the urban environment and the effects of urban lifestyles are systematically investigated: concepts, theories, and field methodologies applied in urban settings.
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Two full courses in Geography and third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3421A/B -
Location Theory and Analysis
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An examination of public and private facility location theory. Industrial location, retailing and public facility location approaches are discussed. GIS-based techniques for location analysis are applied in practical sessions.
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Geography
3422A/B -
The Geography of International Business
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An examination of the spatial behavior of large corporations and the impact on regional economics. Investment pattern, interorganizational linkages and organizational change will be discussed.
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Prerequisite(s):
Geography 2420A/B, or one of Geography 2143A/B or the former 170a/b with a grade of at least 70%, or enrolment in the Bachelor of Management and Organizational Studies.
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Geography
3431A/B -
Geography of Health and Health Care
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A critical examination of the major themes in the geography of health and health care. The focus will be on the importance of understanding place, space and environment as they relate to health. Geographical aspects of health inequalities, access and utilization will be explored.
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Geography 2430A/B or a related 2000-level course in Health Sciences, Sociology or Psychology, or permission of the instructor.
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Geography
3432A/B -
Environmental Hazards and Human Health
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This is a survey course regarding the links between human health and environmental hazard exposure. Issues will include the health impacts of water pollution, air pollution, solid and hazardous waste, toxic substances, pesticides and radiation. The limitations of models and methods are discussed.
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Geography
3441F/G -
Conservation and Development
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Examination of changing environmental values and their impacts on approaches to conserving nature and wildlife, particularly in developing countries; exclusionary protection, sustainable utilization, and community-based conservation; 'North-South' dimensions of conservation; ecotourism.
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Prerequisite(s):
Third or fourth year status at the University. Two full courses in Geography or equivalent, or enrollment in the Minor in Environment and Culture.
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Geography
3442F/G -
Geographies of Development
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A thematic course on the geography of development. Common explanations for poverty and underdevelopment are critically assessed. Covers a range of scales (local, national, international, global) to demonstrate how processes operating at various scales interact to produce uneven geographical outcomes.
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Prerequisite(s):
Third or fourth year status at the University. Two full courses in Geography or equivalent, or enrollment in the Minor in Environment and Culture.
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Geography
3451A/B -
Impact Assessment and Sustainable Resource Management
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Problem definition from the standpoint of sustainable resource management; institutional arrangements, conflict analysis and formulation of public policies; impact assessment as a process in planning resource development.
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Geography
3452A/B -
Implementing Sustainability
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Practical issues regarding the implementation of sustainability in resource management. Emphasis on skills development, entrepreneurship, leadership and the facilitation of change. The use of small groups, workshops and active learning techniques allow for enhanced problem-based learning and personal awareness related to individual, corporate, and government roles and responsibilities.
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Geography
3453F/G -
Water Resources Management
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The examination of concepts and methodologies utilized in the management of water. Lectures and tutorials will focus on water management strategies and their legal, administrative, economic and political implications. Topics of discussion include the watershed concept, demand management, and interbasin water transfers.
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Prerequisite(s):
Geography 2450F/G and third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3454A/B -
Environmental Dispute Resolution
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Sources of conflict in resource management and methods for resolving environmental disputes. The changing dynamics of interest representation, including stakeholder identification and the roles played by the media, pressure groups, management agencies, and lay citizens.
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Geography
3455F/G -
Geographical Approaches to Landscapes
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The concept of landscape and changing perceptions of landscape features. Types of landscapes. Mankind's role in creating, changing and preserving landscapes.
Prerequisite(s):
Third or fourth year status at the University and four full courses or equivalent in Geography.
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Geography
3445F/G -
Geography of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition
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A geographical perspective on the social, political, economic and environmental aspects of food, agriculture and nutrition.
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Two full courses or equivalent in Geography and third or fourth year status at the University or permission of the instructor.
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Geography
3459A/B -
Selected Topics in Resource Management
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The examination and application of resource management concepts and methodologies in selected fields. An emphasis upon practical work, and recent developments in management practice.
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Two full courses or equivalent in Geography and third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3461F/G -
Land Use and Development Issues
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Critical examination of current land use and development projects; students are required actively to participate in the discussions.
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Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3462F/G -
Land Use Planning
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Basic techniques for preparing, implementing, and applying land use plans and zoning controls.
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Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3463F/G -
Housing
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This course explores the geography of housing in North American cities from an historical perspective, with a detailed investigation of the effects of land development, construction, financing, planning, public policy, demographics and lifestyle changes on the production and consumption of residential landscapes.
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Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3464F/G -
Financial Feasability of Urban Developments
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The object of the course is to expose students to the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of urban form and structure. A major focus is on static development feasibility models and their application to understanding urban change. The course provides a hands-on experience for students to build financial feasibility models of urban developments.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 377F/G, the former Geography 378F/G, and the former Geography 3460E.
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Geography
3901A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Two full courses or equivalent in Geography. Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
3902A/B -
Selected Topics in Geography
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Consult the Department of Geography for details of course offering.
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Two full courses or equivalent in Geography. Third or fourth year status at the University.
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Geography
4000A/B -
The Nature and Philosophy of Geography
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Discussion of geographical paradigms within an historical and social context. A central concern is the relationship between the academic and professional practice of geography.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 348a/b.
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Restricted to and mandatory for fourth year honors geography students.
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Geography
4430A/B -
Community-based Research on Environment and Health
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A critical review of Canadian research on environment and health, focusing upon dilemmas and responsibilities of conducting research in communities under stress. An opportunity for students to compare findings and re-consider methods for the particular contexts of research amongst vulnerable populations.
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Fourth year status at the University and Geography 2250A/B; or, permission of the instructor.
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Geography
4460F/G -
Real Estate and the Cities
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The course is a continuation of Geography 3461F/G Advanced Urban Development I. The object of the course is to expose students to the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of urban form and structure. A major focus is on understanding the theories, acquiring the techniques to test the theories, and critiquing the approaches employed for the empirical tests.
Antirequisite(s):
The former Geography 377F/G, the former Geography 378F/G, and the former Geography 3460E.
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A thesis on a geographical problem including the results of field work, cartographic representation, and a study of the relevant literature. Restricted to students in Fourth Year Honors Geography.
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UNDERGRADUATE COURSE INFORMATION 